F-DMDM-PM-110E

F-DMDM-PM-110E

企业间的合作

同样是创新，为什么德国的工业与美国的工业也存在巨大区别？为什么德国现代工业企业集中于工业品的生产，例如电气机械和其他重型机械、金属、化工等？

*经济学家小艾尔弗雷德·D。钱德勒认为，德国的经济和文化环境区别于英国和美国的特征，倾向于鼓励其新型现代工业企业之间的合作。

铁路建设是德国工业化的真正发动机。德国*大企业家的出现，使铁路和重工业、通讯事业取得了重大突破。铁路以令人惊讶的速度把德国从经济停滞中拖拽出来。铁路以及电报在德国比在英国影响大得多，因为德国地域空间更大，地势要崎岖得多，可用于运输的海岸、运河区域和其他水上运输不多。运输革命*地影响着德国的经济增长和伴随的体制变化。

根据钱德勒的研究，从一开始，国外市场对于德国工业家而言要比美国甚至英国更重要。*次世界大战后，德国战败，以及战后持续的危机强化了合作。德国工业家们相信，如果他们要维持他们在国内市场的地位，并夺回已经失去了的国外市场，这种合作是必需的。

西门子文化zui大特点是凝聚力强。*能通过公司文化鼓舞职工的信心，并把公司的目标根植在阶层每个职工的心中。给职工带来社会福利产生贡献的希望。协助别人在公司中得到成功。西门子及其管理层致力于不断扩大公司的福利事业；制定不同工种的劳动保护措施，职工医疗福利服务，休假期工资照发制，为工人、职员及雇员建立休息室，建立图书馆等。  F-DMDM-PM-110E

钱德勒认为，德国工业的核心力量是大型工业企业的组织能力，即物质设施和人的技能。这种力量集中在西门子施塔特庞大的电器设备联合企业，在柏林靠近亨尼西斯多夫稍小一点的电器设备联合企业，在勒弗库森、路德维希港和法兰克福的大型化工厂，以及在鲁尔和沿莱茵河两岸众多的机械厂和钢厂。英国却没有这样类似的工厂。

钱德勒说，德国工业企业在市场、供应源、金融方式、文化、法律、教育制度等方面，与美国、英国工业企业有明显差别。*的法律差别是，德国不鼓励工业企业通过兼并成为具有广泛行业的控股公司。价格、产出和市场范围等方面的协议，是通过较为松散的和更具临时性的联盟，例如公约、辛迪加和利益共同体等，作为法律手段来实施，这些手段在英国或美国很少被采用。

*二元教育体制

钱德勒认为，组织能力只是一方面，更为重要的是，这种工业力量来自各工厂、各实验室和各办事处工作人员的技能。zui重要的一点是这种工业力量靠的是低级、高级和中级管理部门在生产具体产品方面的才能。

这需要公司和教育机构的培养。“自己培养人才”是西门子发展自己文化或价值体系zui成功的方法，如何培养就是通过培训、继续教育和人事管理、改革建议等途径。西门子在员工的教育上拿出了巨大的资金。

仅靠公司的教育当然远远不够，更重要还是社会教育体系的建立。“德国的二元教育体制，对于制造业非常有益。”德国联邦外贸与投资署一位官员告诉本报，二元教育体制要求学员的动手能力很强，每一个学生都要到企业进行实习，时间也很长。

二元制职业教育录取过程是学生先同企业签订学徒合同，然后根据学徒的职业，再到相应的学校报到学习。企业和学校有固定合作关系。学生只要签订了学徒合同，自然就可到相应的职业学校上课学习。

德国较高的教育机构对大型工业企业的创建和不断增长产生了重大影响。根据钱德勒的研究，到19世纪末，这些机构提供了世界上*秀的技术和科学训练。德国的大学，了物理和化学学科的发展，以及这些学科在医学和工业技术方面的应用。此外，还特别创立了为工业岗位训练人才的工学院。

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